Facts about unilateral U.S. sanctions and long-arm jurisdiction

Earlier this month, China released a report on U.S. long-arm jurisdiction, accusing Washington of causing harm and threatening the international order and the international rule of law. What is U.S. long-arm jurisdiction as defined by its "minimum contacts rule" and "effects doctrine"? How far and how wide has it stretched all around the world? How has the U.S. gotten away with this policy?